CREATE TABLE

Defines the columns of a new table.

Apache Cassandra supports creating a new table in the selected keyspace. Use IF NOT EXISTS to suppress the error message if the table already exists; no table is created. A static column can store the same data in multiple clustered rows of a partition, and then retrieve that data with a single SELECT statement.

Tables support a single counter column.

See also: ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE, CREATE CUSTOM INDEX for Storage-Attached Indexes (SAI), CREATE INDEX for secondary indexes (2i)

Syntax

BNF definition:

create_table_statement::= CREATE TABLE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] table_name '('
	column_definition  ( ',' column_definition )*
	[ ',' PRIMARY KEY '(' primary_key ')' ]
	 ')' [ WITH table_options ]
column_definition::= column_name cql_type [ STATIC ] [ column_mask ] [ PRIMARY KEY]
column_mask::= MASKED WITH ( DEFAULT | function_name '(' term ( ',' term )* ')' )
primary_key::= partition_key [ ',' clustering_columns ]
partition_key::= column_name  | '(' column_name ( ',' column_name )* ')'
clustering_columns::= column_name ( ',' column_name )*
table_options::= COMPACT STORAGE [ AND table_options ]
	| CLUSTERING ORDER BY '(' clustering_order ')'
	[ AND table_options ]  | options
clustering_order::= column_name (ASC | DESC) ( ',' column_name (ASC | DESC) )*

CREATE TABLE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] [<keyspace_name>.]<table_name>
  ( <column_definition> [ , ... ] | PRIMARY KEY (column_list) )
  [ WITH [ <table_options> ]
  [ [ AND ] CLUSTERING ORDER BY [ <clustering_column_name> (ASC | DESC) ] ]
  [ [ AND ] ID = '<table_hash_tag>' ] ] ;

Syntax legend

Legend
Syntax conventions	Description
UPPERCASE	Literal keyword.
Lowercase	Not literal.
`< >`	Variable value. Replace with a user-defined value.
`[]`	Optional. Square brackets (`[]`) surround optional command arguments. Do not type the square brackets.
`( )`	Group. Parentheses ( `( )` ) identify a group to choose from. Do not type the parentheses.
`\|`	Or. A vertical bar (`\|`) separates alternative elements. Type any one of the elements. Do not type the vertical bar.
`...`	Repeatable. An ellipsis ( `...` ) indicates that you can repeat the syntax element as often as required.
`'<Literal string>'`	Single quotation (`'`) marks must surround literal strings in CQL statements. Use single quotation marks to preserve upper case.
`{ <key> : <value> }`	Map collection. Braces (`{ }`) enclose map collections or key value pairs. A colon separates the key and the value.
`<datatype2`	Set, list, map, or tuple. Angle brackets ( `< >` ) enclose data types in a set, list, map, or tuple. Separate the data types with a comma.
`<cql_statement>;`	End CQL statement. A semicolon (`;`) terminates all CQL statements.
`[--]`	Separate the command line options from the command arguments with two hyphens ( `--` ). This syntax is useful when arguments might be mistaken for command line options.
`' <<schema\> ... </schema\>> '`	Search CQL only: Single quotation marks (`'`) surround an entire XML schema declaration.
`@<xml_entity>='<xml_entity_type>'`	Search CQL only: Identify the entity and literal value to overwrite the XML element in the schema and solrConfig files.

Required parameters

table_name: Name of the table to index.
column_name: Name of the column.

column_definition

Enclosed in parentheses after the table name, use a comma-separated list to define multiple columns. All tables must have at least one primary key column. Each column is defined using the following syntax: column_name cql_type_definition [STATIC | PRIMARY KEY] [, ...]

Restriction:

A table must have at least one PRIMARY KEY.
When PRIMARY KEY is at the end of a column definition, that column is the only primary key for the table, and is defined as the partition-key[partition key].
A static column cannot be a primary key.
Primary keys can include frozen collections.

column_name

Use a unique name for each column in a table. To preserve case or use special characters, enclose the name in double-quotes.

cql_type_definition

Defines the type of data allowed in the column. See CQL data type or a user-defined type.

STATIC

Optional, the column has a single value.

PRIMARY KEY

When the PRIMARY KEY is one column, append PRIMARY KEY to the end of the column definition. This is only schema information required to create a table. When there is one primary key, it is the partition key; the data is divided and stored by the unique values in this column: column_name cql_type_definition PRIMARY KEY.

Alternatively, you can declare the primary key consisting of only one column in the same way as you declare a compound primary key.

column_definition

Restriction:

A table must have at least one PRIMARY KEY.
When PRIMARY KEY is at the end of a column definition, that column is the only primary key for the table, and is defined as the partition-key[partition key].
A static column cannot be a primary key.
Primary keys can include frozen collections.

column_name

Use a unique name for each column in a table. To preserve case or use special characters, enclose the name in double-quotes.

cql_type_definition

Defines the type of data allowed in the column. See CQL data type or a user-defined type.

STATIC

Optional, the column has a single value.

PRIMARY KEY

When the PRIMARY KEY is one column, append PRIMARY KEY to the end of the column definition. This is only schema information required to create a table. When there is one primary key, it is the partition key; the data is divided and stored by the unique values in this column: column_name cql_type_definition PRIMARY KEY.

Alternatively, you can declare the primary key consisting of only one column in the same way as you declare a compound primary key.

table_options

Tunes data handling, including I/O operations, compression, and compaction. Table property options use the following syntax:

Single values: <option_name> = '<value>'
Multiple values: <option_name> = { '<subproperty>' : '<value>' [, ...] } [AND ...]

Simple JSON format, key-value pairs in a comma-separated list enclosed by curly brackets.

When no value is specified, the default is used.

In a CREATE TABLE (or ALTER TABLE) CQL statement, use a WITH clause to define table property options. Separate multiple values with AND.

CREATE TABLE [<keyspace_name>.]<table_name>
WITH option_name = '<value>'
AND option_name = {<option_map>};

bloom_filter_fp_chance = <N>: False-positive probability for SSTable bloom filter. When a client requests data, the bloom filter checks if the row exists before executing disk I/O. Values range from 0 to 1.0, where: 0 is the minimum value use to enable the largest possible bloom filter (uses the most memory) and 1.0 is the maximum value disabling the bloom filter.

Recommended setting: 0.1. A higher value yields diminishing returns.

Default: bloom_filter_fp_chance = '0.01'

caching = { 'keys' : 'value', 'rows_per_partition' : 'value'}

Optimizes the use of cache memory without manual tuning. Weighs the cached data by size and access frequency. Coordinate this setting with the global caching properties in the cassandra.yaml file. Valid values:

ALL-- all primary keys or rows
NONE-- no primary keys or rows
<N>: (rows per partition only) — specify a whole number Default: { 'keys': 'ALL', 'rows_per_partition': 'NONE' }

cdc

Creates a Change Data Capture (CDC) log on the table.

Valid values:

TRUE- create CDC log
FALSE- do not create CDC log

comment = 'some text that describes the table'

Provide documentation on the table.

Enter a description of the types of queries the table was designed to satisfy.

default_time_to_live

TTL (Time To Live) in seconds, where zero is disabled. The maximum configurable value is 630720000 (20 years). Beginning in 2018, the expiration timestamp can exceed the maximum value supported by the storage engine; see the warning below. If the value is greater than zero, TTL is enabled for the entire table and an expiration timestamp is added to each column. A new TTL timestamp is calculated each time the data is updated and the row is removed after all the data expires.

Default value: 0 (disabled).

The database storage engine can only encode TTL timestamps through January 19 2038 03:14:07 UTC due to the Year 2038 problem. The TTL date overflow policy determines whether requests with expiration timestamps later than the maximum date are rejected or inserted.

gc_grace_seconds

Seconds after data is marked with a tombstone (deletion marker) before it is eligible for garbage-collection. Default value: 864000 (10 days). The default value allows time for the database to maximize consistency prior to deletion.

Tombstoned records within the grace period are excluded from hints or batched mutations.

In a single-node cluster, this property can safely be set to zero. You can also reduce this value for tables whose data is not explicitly deleted — for example, tables containing only data with TTL set, or tables with default_time_to_live set. However, if you lower the gc_grace_seconds value, consider its interaction with these operations:

hint replays: When a node goes down and then comes back up, other nodes replay the write operations (called hints) that are queued for that node while it was unresponsive. The database does not replay hints older than gc_grace_seconds after creation. The max_hint_window setting in the cassandra.yaml file sets the time limit (3 hours by default) for collecting hints for the unresponsive node.
batch replays: Like hint queues, batch operations store database mutations that are replayed in sequence. As with hints, the database does not replay a batched mutation older than gc_grace_seconds after creation. If your application uses batch operations, consider the possibility that decreasing gc_grace_seconds increases the chance that a batched write operation may restore deleted data. The configuration/cass_yaml_file.html#batchlog_replay_throttle[batchlog_replay_throttle] property in the cassandra.yaml file give some control of the batch replay process. The most important factors, however, are the size and scope of the batches you use.

memtable_flush_period_in_ms

Milliseconds before memtables associated with the table are flushed. When memtable_flush_period_in_ms=0, the memtable will flush when:

the flush threshold is met
on shutdown
on nodetool flush
when commitlogs get full Default: 0

min_index_interval

Minimum gap between index entries in the index summary. A lower min_index_interval means the index summary contains more entries from the index, which allows the database to search fewer index entries to execute a read. A larger index summary may also use more memory. The value for min_index_interval is the densest possible sampling of the index.

max_index_interval

If the total memory usage of all index summaries reaches this value, Apache Cassandra decreases the index summaries for the coldest SSTables to the maximum set by max_index_interval. The max_index_interval is the sparsest possible sampling in relation to memory pressure.

speculative_retry

Configures rapid read protection. Normal read requests are sent to just enough replica nodes to satisfy the consistency level. In rapid read protection, extra read requests are sent to other replicas, even after the consistency level has been met. The speculative retry property specifies the trigger for these extra read requests.

ALWAYS: The coordinator node sends extra read requests to all other replicas after every read of that table.
<X>percentile: Track each table’s typical read latency (in milliseconds). Coordinator node retrieves the typical latency time of the table being read and calculates X percent of that figure. The coordinator sends redundant read requests if the number of milliseconds it waits without responses exceeds that calculated figure.

For example, if the speculative_retry property for Table_A is set to 80percentile, and that table’s typical latency is 60 milliseconds, the coordinator node handling a read of Table_A would send a normal read request first, and send out redundant read requests if it received no responses within 48ms, which is 80% of 60ms.
<N>ms: The coordinator node sends extra read requests to all other replicas if the coordinator node has not received any responses within N milliseconds.
NONE: The coordinator node does not send extra read requests after any read of that table.

Compaction Strategy
UCS	LCS	STCS	TWCS

Compaction Strategy

compression = { compression_map }

Configure the compression_map by specifying the compression algorithm class followed by the subproperties in simple JSON format.

Implement custom compression classes using the org.apache.cassandra.io.compress.ICompressor interface.

compression = {
   ['class' : '<compression_algorithm_name>',
     'chunk_length_in_kb' : '<value>',
     'crc_check_chance' : '<value>',]
   | 'sstable_compression' : '']
}

class

Sets the compressor name. Apache Cassandra provides the following built-in classes:

Compression Algorithm Cassandra Class Compression Decompression Ratio C* Version

Compression Algorithm	Cassandra Class	Compression	Decompression	Ratio	C* Version
LZ4	`LZ4Compressor`	A+	A+	C+	`>=1.2.2`
LZ4HC	`LZ4Compressor`	C+	A+	B+	`>= 3.6`
Zstd	`ZstdCompressor`	A-	A-	A+	`>= 4.0`
Snappy	`SnappyCompressor`	A-	A	C	`>= 1.0`
Deflate (zlib)	`DeflateCompressor`	C	C	A	`>= 1.0`

LZ4

LZ4Compressor

A+

C+

>=1.2.2

LZ4HC

LZ4Compressor

C+

A+

B+

>= 3.6

Zstd

ZstdCompressor

A-

A+

>= 4.0

Snappy

SnappyCompressor

A-

>= 1.0

Deflate (zlib)

DeflateCompressor

>= 1.0

Use only compression implementations bundled with Apache Cassandra.

Choosing the right compressor depends on your requirements for space savings over read performance. LZ4 is fastest to decompress, followed by Snappy, then by Deflate. Compression effectiveness is inversely correlated with decompression speed. The extra compression from Deflate or Snappy is not enough to make up for the decreased performance for general-purpose workloads, but for archival data they may be worth considering.

Default: LZ4Compressor.

chunk_length_in_kb

Size (in KB) of the block. On disk, SSTables are compressed by block to allow random reads. Values larger than the default value might improve the compression rate, but increases the minimum size of data to be read from disk when a read occurs. The default value is a good middle ground for compressing tables. Adjust compression size to account for read/write access patterns (how much data is typically requested at once) and the average size of rows in the table.

Default: 64.

crc_check_chance

When compression is enabled, each compressed block includes a checksum of that block for the purpose of detecting disk bit rot and avoiding the propagation of corruption to other replica. This option defines the probability with which those checksums are checked during read. By default they are always checked. Set to 0 to disable checksum checking and to 0.5, for instance, to check them on every other read.

Default: 1.0.

sstable_compression

Disables compression. Specify a null value.

compaction = {compaction_map}

Defines the strategy for cleaning up data after writes.

Syntax uses a simple JSON format:

compaction = {
     'class' : '<compaction_strategy_name>',
     '<property_name>' : <value> [, ...] }

where the <compaction_strategy_name> is SizeTieredCompactionStrategy, TimeWindowCompactionStrategy, or LeveledCompactionStrategy.

Use only compaction implementations bundled with Apache Cassandra. See Compaction for more details.

Common properties

The following properties apply to all compaction strategies.

compaction = {
     'class' : 'compaction_strategy_name',
     'enabled' : (true | false),
     'log_all' : (true | false),
     'only_purge_repaired_tombstone' : (true | false),
     'tombstone_threshold' : <ratio>,
     'tombstone_compaction_interval' : <sec>,
     'unchecked_tombstone_compaction' : (true | false),
     'min_threshold' : <num_sstables>,
     'max_threshold' : <num_sstables> }

enabled

Enable background compaction.

true runs minor compactions.
false disables minor compactions.

Use nodetool enableautocompaction to start running compactions.

Default: true

log_all

Activates advanced logging for the entire cluster.

Default: false

only_purge_repaired_tombstone

Enabling this property prevents data from resurrecting when repair is not run within the gc_grace_seconds. When its been a long time between repairs, the database keeps all tombstones.

true - Only allow tombstone purges on repaired SSTables.
false - Purge tombstones on SSTables during compaction even if the table has not been repaired.

Default: false

tombstone_threshold

The ratio of garbage-collectable tombstones to all contained columns. If the ratio exceeds this limit, compactions starts only on that table to purge the tombstones.

Default: 0.2

tombstone_compaction_interval

Number of seconds before compaction can run on an SSTable after it is created. An SSTable is eligible for compaction when it exceeds the tombstone_threshold. Because it might not be possible to drop tombstones when doing a single SSTable compaction, and since the compaction is triggered base on an estimated tombstone ratio, this setting makes the minimum interval between two single SSTable compactions tunable to prevent an SSTable from being constantly re-compacted.

Default: 86400 (1 day)

unchecked_tombstone_compaction

Setting to true allows tombstone compaction to run without pre-checking which tables are eligible for the operation. Even without this pre-check, Apache Cassandra checks an SSTable to make sure it is safe to drop tombstones.

Default: false

min_threshold

The minimum number of SSTables to trigger a minor compaction.

Restriction: Not used in LeveledCompactionStrategy.

Default: 4

max_threshold

The maximum number of SSTables before a minor compaction is triggered.

Restriction: Not used in LeveledCompactionStrategy.

Default: 32

SizeTieredCompactionStrategy

The compaction class SizeTieredCompactionStrategy (STCS) triggers a minor compaction when table meets the min_threshold. Minor compactions do not involve all the tables in a keyspace. See SizeTieredCompactionStrategy (STCS).

Default compaction strategy.

The following properties only apply to SizeTieredCompactionStrategy:

compaction = {
     'class' : 'SizeTieredCompactionStrategy',
     'bucket_high' : <factor>,
     'bucket_low' : <factor>,
     'min_sstable_size' : <int> }

bucket_high: Size-tiered compaction merges sets of SSTables that are approximately the same size. The database compares each SSTable size to the average of all SSTable sizes for this table on the node. It merges SSTables whose size in KB are within [average-size * bucket_low] and [average-size * bucket_high].

Default: 1.5
bucket_low: Size-tiered compaction merges sets of SSTables that are approximately the same size. The database compares each SSTable size to the average of all SSTable sizes for this table on the node. It merges SSTables whose size in KB are within [average-size * bucket_low] and [average-size * bucket_high].

Default: 0.5
min_sstable_size: STCS groups SSTables into buckets. The bucketing process groups SSTables that differ in size by less than 50%. This bucketing process is too fine-grained for small SSTables. If your SSTables are small, use this option to define a size threshold in MB below which all SSTables belong to one unique bucket.

Default: 50 (MB)

The cold_reads_to_omit property for SizeTieredCompactionStrategy (STCS) is no longer supported.

TimeWindowCompactionStrategy

The compaction class TimeWindowCompactionStrategy (TWCS) compacts SSTables using a series of time windows or buckets. TWCS creates a new time window within each successive time period. During the active time window, TWCS compacts all SSTables flushed from memory into larger SSTables using STCS. At the end of the time period, all of these SSTables are compacted into a single SSTable. Then the next time window starts and the process repeats. See TimeWindowCompactionStrategy (TWCS).

All of the properties for STCS are also valid for TWCS.

The following properties apply only to TimeWindowCompactionStrategy:

compaction = {
     'class' : 'TimeWindowCompactionStrategy,
     'compaction_window_unit' : <days>,
     'compaction_window_size' : <int>,
     'split_during_flush' : (true | false) }

compaction_window_unit: Time unit used to define the bucket size. The value is based on the Java TimeUnit. For the list of valid values, see the Java API TimeUnit page located at docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/concurrent/TimeUnit.html.

Default: days
compaction_window_size: Units per bucket.

Default: 1

LeveledCompactionStrategy

The compaction class LeveledCompactionStrategy (LCS) creates SSTables of a fixed, relatively small size (160 MB by default) that are grouped into levels. Within each level, SSTables are guaranteed to be non-overlapping. Each level (L0, L1, L2 and so on) is 10 times as large as the previous. Disk I/O is more uniform and predictable on higher than on lower levels as SSTables are continuously being compacted into progressively larger levels. At each level, row keys are merged into non-overlapping SSTables in the next level. See LeveledCompactionStrategy (LCS).

For more guidance, see When to Use Leveled Compaction and Leveled Compaction blog.

The following properties only apply to LeveledCompactionStrategy:

compaction = {
     'class' : 'LeveledCompactionStrategy,
     'sstable_size_in_mb' : <int> }

sstable_size_in_mb

The target size for SSTables that use the LeveledCompactionStrategy. Although SSTable sizes should be less or equal to sstable_size_in_mb, it is possible that compaction could produce a larger SSTable during compaction. This occurs when data for a given partition key is exceptionally large. The Apache Cassandra database does not split the data into two SSTables.

Default: 160

The default value, 160 MB, may be inefficient and negatively impact database indexing and the queries that rely on indexes. For example, consider the benefit of using higher values for sstable_size_in_mb in tables that use (SAI) indexes. For related information, see Compaction strategies.

DateTieredCompactionStrategy (deprecated)

Use TimeWindowCompactionStrategy instead.

Stores data written within a certain period of time in the same SSTable.

base_time_seconds: The size of the first time window.

Default: 3600
max_sstable_age_days (deprecated): Apache Cassandra does not compact SSTables if its most recent data is older than this property. Fractional days can be set.

Default: 1000
max_window_size_seconds: The maximum window size in seconds.

Default: 86400
timestamp_resolution: Units, <MICROSECONDS> or <MILLISECONDS>, to match the timestamp of inserted data.

Default: MICROSECONDS

Optional parameters

Table keywords

CLUSTERING ORDER BY ( column_name ASC | DESC): Order rows storage to make use of the on-disk sorting of columns. Specifying order can make query results more efficient. Options are:

ASC: ascending (default order)

DESC: descending, reverse order
ID: If a table is accidentally dropped with DROP TABLE, use this option to recreate the table and run a commit log replay to retrieve the data.
index_name: Name of the index. Enclose in quotes to use special characters or preserve capitalization. If no name is specified, Apache Cassandra names the index: <table_name>_<column_name>_idx.
keyspace_name: Name of the keyspace that contains the table to index. If no name is specified, the current keyspace is used.

Usage notes

If the column already contains data, it is indexed during the execution of this statement. After an index has been created, it is automatically updated when data in the column changes.

Indexing with the CREATE INDEX command can impact performance. Before creating an index, be aware of when and when not to create an index.

Restriction: Indexing counter columns is not supported.

Examples

Create a table with UUID as the primary key

Create the cyclist_name table with UUID as the primary key:

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS cycling.cyclist_name (
  id UUID PRIMARY KEY,
  lastname text,
  firstname text
);

Create a compound primary key

Create the cyclist_category table and store the data in reverse order:

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS cycling.cyclist_category (
  category text,
  points int,
  id UUID,
  lastname text,
  PRIMARY KEY (category, points)
)
WITH CLUSTERING ORDER BY (points DESC);

Create a composite partition key

Create a table that is optimized for query by cyclist rank by year:

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS cycling.rank_by_year_and_name (
  race_year int,
  race_name text,
  cyclist_name text,
  rank int,
  PRIMARY KEY ((race_year, race_name), rank)
);

Create a table with a vector column

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS cycling.comments_vs (
  record_id timeuuid,
  id uuid,
  commenter text,
  comment text,
  comment_vector VECTOR <FLOAT, 5>,
  created_at timestamp,
  PRIMARY KEY (id, created_at)
)
WITH CLUSTERING ORDER BY (created_at DESC);

Create a table with a frozen UDT

Create the race_winners table that has a frozen user-defined type (UDT):

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS cycling.race_winners (
  cyclist_name FROZEN<fullname>,
  race_name text,
  race_position int,
  PRIMARY KEY (race_name, race_position)
);

See Create a user-defined type for information on Create UDTs. UDTs can be created unfrozen if only non-collection fields are used in the user-defined type creation. If the table is created with an unfrozen UDT, then individual field values can be updated and deleted.

Create a table with a CDC log

Create a change data capture log for the cyclist_id table:

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS cycling.cyclist_id (
  lastname text,
  firstname text,
  age int,
  id UUID,
  PRIMARY KEY ((lastname, firstname), age)
);

CDC logging must be enabled in cassandra.yaml.

Before enabling CDC logging, have a plan for moving and consuming the log information. After the disk space limit is reached, writes to CDC-enabled tables are rejected until more space is freed. See Change-data-capture (CDC) space settings for information about available CDC settings.

Storing data in descending order

The following example shows a table definition that stores the categories with the highest points first.

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS cycling.cyclist_category (
  category text,
  points int,
  id UUID,
  lastname text,
  PRIMARY KEY (category, points)
)
WITH CLUSTERING ORDER BY (points DESC);

Restoring from the table ID for commit log replay

Recreate a table with its original ID to facilitate restoring table data by replaying commit logs:

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS cycling.cyclist_emails (
  userid text PRIMARY KEY,
  id UUID,
  emails set<text>
)
WITH ID = '1bb7516e-b140-11e8-96f8-529269fb1459';

To retrieve a table’s ID, query the id column of system_schema.tables. For example:

SELECT id
FROM system_schema.tables
WHERE keyspace_name = 'cycling'
  AND table_name = 'cyclist_emails';

To perform a restoration of the table, see Backups for more information.

Cassandra Documentation

Version:

CREATE TABLE

Syntax

Required parameters

column_definition

column_definition

table_options

compression = { compression_map }

compaction = {compaction_map}

Common properties

SizeTieredCompactionStrategy

TimeWindowCompactionStrategy

LeveledCompactionStrategy

DateTieredCompactionStrategy (deprecated)

Optional parameters

Table keywords

Usage notes

Examples

Create a table with UUID as the primary key

Create a compound primary key

Create a composite partition key

Create a table with a vector column

Create a table with a frozen UDT

Create a table with a CDC log

Storing data in descending order

Restoring from the table ID for commit log replay